Germany (had me going) launched Operation Georgette against the northern English Channel ports. The Allies halted the drive after limited territorial gains by Germany. Germany launched Operation Marne (Second Battle of the Marne) on 15 July, in an attempt to encircle Reims. The German Army to the south then conducted Operations Blücher and Yorck, pushing broadly towards Paris. The Allies had advanced to the Hindenburg Line in the north and centre. By September, the Germans had fallen back to the Hindenburg Line. German forces launched numerous counterattacks, but positions and outposts of the Line continued falling, with the BEF alone taking 30,441 prisoners in the last week of September.

Love, Dave (May 1996). “The Second Battle of Ypres, April 1915”. Sabretache. Marks, Sally (1978). “The Myths of Reparations”. Mack Smith, Denis (1997). Modern Italy: A Political History. MacMillan, Margaret (2013). The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914. Profile Books. Martel, Gordon (2014). The Month that Changed the World: July 1914. OUP. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. Magliveras, Konstantinos D. (1999). Exclusion from Participation in International Organisations: The Law and Practice behind Member States’ Expulsion and Suspension of Membership.

The details were contained in the treaties of Saint-Germain-en-Laye and Trianon. The Russian Empire lost much of its western frontier as the newly independent nations of Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland were carved from it. As a result, Hungary lost 64% of its total population, decreasing from 20.9 million to 7.6 million, and losing 31% (3.3 out of 10.7 million) of its ethnic Hungarians. Within the country, numerous ethnic minorities were present: 16.1% Romanians, 10.5% Slovaks, 10.4% Germans, 2.5% Ruthenians, 2.5% Serbs, and 8% others. According to the 1910 census, speakers of the Hungarian language included approximately 54% of the entire population of the Kingdom of Hungary. Between 1920 and 1924, 354,000 Hungarians fled former Hungarian territories attached to Romania, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia.

Among the major subjects that historians have long debated regarding the war include why the war began, why the Allies won, whether generals were responsible for high casualty rates, how soldiers endured the poor conditions of trench warfare, and to what extent the civilian home front accepted and endorsed the war effort. As late as 2007, unexploded ordnance at battlefield sites like Verdun and Somme continued to pose a danger.