Baltic region, Moscow and Ukraine, with the ultimate goal of ending the 1941 campaign near the Arkhangelsk-Astrakhan line-from the Caspian to the White Seas. Operation Barbarossa forced the Soviet supreme command to adopt strategic defence. By mid-August, however, the German Army High Command decided to suspend the offensive of a considerably depleted Army Group Centre, and to divert the 2nd Panzer Group to reinforce troops advancing towards central Ukraine and Leningrad. During the summer, the Axis made significant gains into Soviet territory, inflicting immense losses in both personnel and materiel.

Origins of the Cold War: An International History (2nd ed.). Bosworth, Richard; Maiolo, Joseph (2015). The Cambridge History of the Second World War Volume 2: Politics and Ideology. Brayley, Martin J. (2002). The British Army 1939-45, Volume 3: The Far East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. The Cambridge History of the Second World War (3 vol). British Bombing Survey Unit (1998). The Strategic Air War Against Germany, 1939-1945. London & Portland, OR: Frank Cass Publishers. Abingdon & New York: Routledge.

Large territorial gains were made by Axis forces, but their campaign had failed to achieve its main objectives: two key cities remained in Soviet hands, the Soviet capability to resist was not broken, and the Soviet Union retained a considerable part of its military potential. Soviets to achieve numerical parity with Axis troops. Soviets to begin a massive counter-offensive that started on 5 December all along the front. The blitzkrieg phase of the war in Europe had ended. Pushed German troops 100-250 kilometres (62-155 mi) west.

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The Soviets decided to make their stand at Stalingrad on the Volga. By November 1941, Commonwealth forces had launched a counter-offensive in North Africa, Operation Crusader, and reclaimed all the gains the Germans and Italians had made. By mid-November, the Germans had nearly taken Stalingrad in bitter street fighting. Exploiting poor American naval command decisions, the German navy ravaged Allied shipping off the American Atlantic coast. In mid-February, after the Soviet push had tapered off, the Germans launched another attack on Kharkov, creating a salient in their front line around the Soviet city of Kursk. Rzhev salient near Moscow, though the latter failed disastrously. Germany used to prepare for their upcoming offensives.

The two nations then fought several battles, in Shanghai, Rehe and Hebei, until the Tanggu Truce was signed in 1933. Thereafter, Chinese volunteer forces continued the resistance to Japanese aggression in Manchuria, and Chahar and Suiyuan. The Second Italo-Ethiopian War was a brief colonial war that began in October 1935 and ended in May 1936. The war began with the invasion of the Ethiopian Empire (also known as Abyssinia) by the armed forces of the Kingdom of Italy (Regno d’Italia), which was launched from Italian Somaliland and Eritrea. After the 1936 Xi’an Incident, the Kuomintang and communist forces agreed on a ceasefire to present a united front to oppose Japan.