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During 1939 Japan launched its first attack against Changsha, but was repulsed by late September. Chinese nationalist forces launched a large-scale counter-offensive in early 1940. Japan instituted harsh measures in occupied areas to reduce human. In March, the Japanese 11th army attacked the headquarters of the Chinese 19th army but was repulsed during the Battle of Shanggao. Material resources for the communists. Continued antipathy between Chinese communist and nationalist forces culminated in armed clashes in January 1941, effectively ending their co-operation. Despite several offensives by both sides, by 1940 the war between China and Japan was at a stalemate.

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