In the spring of 1916, the Austro-Hungarians counterattacked in Asiago in the Strafexpedition, but made little progress and were pushed by the Italians back to Tyrol. Although Italy occupied southern Albania in May 1916, their main (pipihosa.com) focus was the Isonzo front which, after the capture of Gorizia in August 1916, remained static until October 1917. After a combined Austro-German force won a major victory at Caporetto, Cadorna was replaced by Armando Diaz who retreated more than 100 kilometres (62 mi) before holding positions along the Piave River.
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Bulletin of “Carol I” National Defence University, Bucharest. Vol. 201. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. Erickson, Edward J. (2001). Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War. Falls, Cyril Bentham (1960). The First World War. Contributions in Military Studies. Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Falls, Cyril (1930). Military Operations. Dupuy, R. Ernest and Trevor N. (1993). The Harper’s Encyclopedia of Military History (4th ed.). Part I Egypt & Palestine: From June 1917 to the End of the War.
Both sides struggled to develop tactics for breaching entrenched positions without heavy casualties. By the end of 1914, the opposing forces confronted each other along an uninterrupted line of entrenched positions from the Channel to the Swiss border. In time, technology enabled the production of new offensive weapons, such as gas warfare and the tank. After the First Battle of the Marne in September 1914, Allied and German forces unsuccessfully tried to outflank each other, a series of manoeuvres later known as the “Race to the Sea”.
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Total Allied casualties on the Ottoman fronts amounted to 650,000 men. Opposition to joining the Central Powers increased when Turkey became a member in September, since in 1911 Italy had occupied Ottoman possessions in Libya and the Dodecanese islands. When the war began in 1914, Italy argued the Triple Alliance was defensive and it was not obliged to support an Austrian attack on Serbia. To secure Italian neutrality, the Central Powers offered them Tunisia, while in return for an immediate entry into the war, the Allies agreed to their demands for Austrian territory and sovereignty over the Dodecanese. In 1902, Rome secretly had agreed with France to remain neutral if the latter was attacked by Germany, effectively nullifying its role in the Triple Alliance. Total Ottoman casualties were 725,000, with 325,000 dead and 400,000 wounded.
He launched an offensive against the Russians in the Caucasus in December 1914 with 100,000 troops, insisting on a frontal attack against mountainous Russian positions in winter. General Nikolai Yudenich, the Russian commander from 1915 to 1916, drove the Turks out of most of the southern Caucasus. The Ottoman Empire, with German support, invaded Persia (modern Iran) in December 1914 to cut off British and Russian access to petroleum reservoirs around Baku. The Ottomans and Germans were aided by Kurdish and Azeri forces, together with a large number of major Iranian tribes, while the Russians and British had the support of Armenian and Assyrian forces. Persia, ostensibly neutral, had long been under British and Russian influence. He lost 86% of his force at the Battle of Sarikamish.