Bueno de Mesquita et al. Beevor 1998, pp. 41-42; Evans 2008, pp. Command: The First Two Years. Deighton, Len (1993). Blood, Tears and Folly. Evans & Peattie 2012, p. US Army in WWII – Strategy. Coox, Alvin (1985). Nomonhan: Japan against Russia, 1939. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Jowett & Andrew 2002, p. Maechling, Charles. Pearl Harbor: The First Energy War. Hsu & Chang 1971, p. Overy & Wheatcroft 1999, p. Hsu & Chang 1971, p. Fairbank & Goldman 2006, p.

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Despite stubborn resistance by Filipino and U.S. Allied naval base at Darwin, Australia. Philippine Commonwealth was eventually captured in May 1942, forcing its government into exile. In January 1942, the only Allied success against Japan was a Chinese victory at Changsha. On 16 April, in Burma, 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the Battle of Yenangyaung and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division. These easy victories over the unprepared U.S. In early May 1942, Japan initiated operations to capture Port Moresby by amphibious assault and thus sever communications and supply lines between the United States and Australia (www.pipihosa.com). European opponents left Japan overconfident, and overextended.

Brody, J. Kenneth (1999). The Avoidable War: Pierre Laval and the Politics of Reality, 1935-1936. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. Bullock, Alan (1990). Hitler: A Study in Tyranny. Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce; Smith, Alastair; Siverson, Randolph M.; Morrow, James D. (2003). The Logic of Political Survival. Buchanan, Tom (2006). Europe’s Troubled Peace, 1945-2000. Oxford & Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. Journal of Applied Mechanics. Brown, David (2004). The Road to Oran: Anglo-French Naval Relations, September 1939 – July 1940. London & New York: Frank Cass. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Bull, Martin J.; Newell, James L. (2005). Italian Politics: Adjustment Under Duress. Burcher, Roy; Rydill, Louis (1995). “Concepts in Submarine Design”. Busky, Donald F. (2002). Communism in History and Theory: Asia, Africa, and the Americas.

Germany responded by ordering U-boat warfare against Allied merchant and warships, which would later escalate into the Battle of the Atlantic. The Polish counter-offensive to the west halted the German advance for several days, but it was outflanked and encircled by the Wehrmacht. Polish state had ceased to exist. On 8 September, German troops reached the suburbs of Warsaw. Remnants of the Polish army broke through to besieged Warsaw. On 27 September, the Warsaw garrison surrendered to the Germans, and the last large operational unit of the Polish Army surrendered on 6 October.

In early March, in an attempt to protect its last oil reserves in Hungary and retake Budapest, Germany launched its last major offensive against Soviet troops near Lake Balaton. Soviet troops stormed. Captured Berlin in late April. In two weeks, the offensive had been repulsed, the Soviets advanced to Vienna, and captured the city. American and Soviet forces met at the Elbe river on 25 April, leaving unoccupied pockets in southern Germany and around Berlin. In early April, Soviet troops captured Königsberg, while the Western Allies finally pushed forward in Italy and swept across western Germany capturing Hamburg and Nuremberg.