As a result, Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe resigned. In exchange, Japan promised not to launch any attacks in Southeast Asia and to withdraw its forces from southern Indochina. On 3 November, Nagano explained in detail the plan of the attack on Pearl Harbor to the Emperor. On 5 November, Hirohito approved in imperial conference the operations plan for the war. Hirohito refused the recommendation to appoint Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni in his place, choosing War Minister Hideki Tojo instead. On 20 November, the new government presented an interim proposal as its final offer. It called for the end of American aid to China and for lifting the embargo on the supply of oil and other resources to Japan.

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Thompson & Randall 2008, p. Glantz 1986; Glantz 1989, pp. 10-11), and is capped with the Marzabotto massacre. 500-502). The period featured massacres with victims in the hundreds at Civitella (de Grazia & Paggi 1991; Belco 2010), Fosse Ardeatine (Portelli 2003), and Sant’Anna di Stazzema (Gordon 2012, pp. Read & Fisher 2002, p. Hart, Hart & Hughes 2000, p. The weeks after the fall of Rome saw a dramatic upswing in German atrocities in Italy (Mazower 2008, pp. Hsu & Chang 1971, pp. Holland 2008, pp. 169-184; Beevor 2012, pp.

Jowett & Andrew 2002, p. Ward Wilson. “The Winning Weapon? Rethinking Nuclear Weapons in Light of Hiroshima”. Pape 1993 ” The principal cause of Japan’s surrender was the ability of the United States to increase the military vulnerability of Japan’s home islands, persuading Japanese leaders that defense of the homeland was highly unlikely to succeed. The key military factor causing this effect was the sea blockade, which crippled Japan’s ability to produce and equip the forces necessary to execute its strategy. The most important factor accounting for the timing of surrender was the Soviet attack against Manchuria, largely because it persuaded previously adamant Army leaders that the homeland could not be defended.”. Poirier, Michel Thomas (20 October 1999). “Results of the German and American Submarine Campaigns of World War II”. Zuberi, Matin (August 2001). “Atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki”. International Security, Vol. 31, No. 4 (Spring 2007), pp.

The Kiev offensive was overwhelmingly successful, resulting in encirclement and elimination of four Soviet armies, and made possible further advance into Crimea and industrially-developed Eastern Ukraine (the First Battle of Kharkov). August, the United Kingdom and the United States jointly issued the Atlantic Charter, which outlined British and American goals for the post-war world. United Kingdom to reconsider its grand strategy. In late August the British and Soviets invaded neutral Iran to secure the Persian Corridor, Iran’s oil fields, and preempt any Axis advances through Iran toward the Baku oil fields or India.

Zalampas, Michael (1989). Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich in American magazines, 1923-1939. Bowling Green University Popular Press. West Point Maps of the Asian-Pacific War. Archived 23 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine. 2002). Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg. Archived 23 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine. West Point Maps of the European War. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources. Zeiler, Thomas W. (2004). Unconditional Defeat: Japan, America, and the End of World War II. Drexel Hill, PA: Casemate. Zetterling, Niklas; Tamelander, Michael (2009). Bismarck: The Final Days of Germany’s Greatest Battleship. Zaloga, Steven J. (1996). Bagration 1944: The Destruction of Army Group Centre.