They are a formidable tool to add to your trader’s kit so use them wisely and knuckle down for a hard study. Its journalists abide by a strict set of editorial policies. In November 2023, CoinDesk was acquired by the Bullish group, owner of Bullish, a regulated, digital assets exchange. CoinDesk is an award-winning media outlet that covers the cryptocurrency industry. CoinDesk operates as an independent subsidiary with an editorial committee to protect journalistic independence. Please note that our privacy policy, terms of use, cookies, and do not sell my personal information has been updated. CoinDesk employees, including journalists, may receive options in the Bullish group as part of their compensation. Indeed, charting patterns are generally best used in conjunction with other technical tools such as the Stochastic Oscillator to help judge the momentum of a trend and candlestick analysis to determine an assets current price action.

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However, the Russian withdrawal from the war in 1917 led Armenian and Assyrian forces, who had hitherto inflicted a series of defeats upon the forces of the Ottomans and their allies, to be cut off from supply lines, outnumbered, outgunned and isolated, forcing them to fight and flee towards British lines in northern Mesopotamia. General Yudenich, the Russian commander from 1915 to 1916, drove the Turks out of most of the southern Caucasus with a string of victories.

Hall, Richard (2010). Balkan Breakthrough: The Battle of Dobro Pole 1918. Indiana University Press.

Washington, DC: Cambridge University Press. Korsun, N. “The Balkan Front of the World War” (in Russian). Tucker, Wood & Murphy 1999, pp. Minneapolis, Minn.: Twenty-First Century Books. 2003). The Middle East and Islamic world reader (4th ed.). Tucker & Roberts 2005, pp. Tucker & Roberts 2005, p. January, Brendan (2007). Genocide: modern crimes against humanity. 28. Library of Congress Country Studies. Hall, Richard (2010). Balkan Breakthrough: The Battle of Dobro Pole 1918. Indiana University Press. Gettleman, Marvin; Schaar, Stuart, eds. New York: Grove Press.

France mobilised 7.8 million men, of which 1.4 million died and 3.2 million were injured. These excess deaths are estimated as 271,000 in 1918, plus another 71,000 in the first half of 1919 when the blockade was still in effect. In Germany, civilian deaths were 474,000 higher than in peacetime, due in large part to food shortages and malnutrition that had weakened disease resistance. Approximately 15,000 sustained horrific facial injuries, causing social stigma and marginalisation; they were called the gueules cassées. Diseases flourished in the chaotic wartime conditions. In 1914 alone, louse-borne epidemic typhus killed 200,000 in Serbia. Starvation caused by famine killed approximately 100,000 people in Lebanon. Starting in early 1918, a major influenza epidemic known as Spanish flu spread around the world, accelerated by the movement of large numbers of soldiers, often crammed together in camps and transport ships with poor sanitation.

He was strongly supported by AEF commander General John J. Pershing, a proponent of pre-1914 “open warfare” who considered the French and British emphasis on artillery as misguided and incompatible with American “offensive spirit”. Much to the frustration of his Allies, who had suffered heavy losses in 1917, he insisted on retaining control of American troops, and refused to commit them to the front line until able to operate as independent units. In December 1916, Robert Nivelle replaced Pétain as commander of French armies on the Western Front and began planning a spring attack in Champagne, part of a joint Franco-British operation.