Wallechinsky, David (1996-09-01). David Wallechinskys 20th Century: History With the Boring Parts Left Out. Berger, Miriam (15 May 2023). “Post-9/11 wars have contributed to some 4.5 million deaths, report suggests”. Willmott, H.P. (2003). World War I. Dorling Kindersley. Costs of War. Watson Institute of International & Public Affairs. Savell, Stephanie (15 May 2023). “How Death Outlives War: The Reverberating Impact of the Post-9/11 Wars on Human Health” (PDF). Shapiro, Fred R.; Epstein, Joseph (2006). The Yale Book of Quotations. The Costs of War.

The two superpowers exerted political influence over most of the world’s nation-states for decades after the end of the Second World War. Technologies developed during wartime had a profound effect on peacetime life as well, such as by advances in jet aircraft, penicillin, nuclear energy, and electronic computers. The wars had also greatly changed the course of daily life. Institutions such as the United Nations were established to collectivize international affairs, with the explicit goal of preventing another outbreak of general war. The modern international security, economic, and diplomatic system was created in the aftermath of the war.

The Ottoman Empire was responsible for the Armenian genocide, during the First World War, as well as other war crimes. Nazi Germany, led by Adolf Hitler, was responsible for genocides, most notably the Holocaust, which murdered demographics considered Untermensch by the Nazis. The Second World War occurred from 1939 to 1945 and is the only conflict in which nuclear weapons have been used; both Hiroshima and Nagasaki, in the Japanese Empire, were devastated by atomic bombs dropped by the United States. These included about six million Jews and about five million others, such as Slavs, Roma, homosexuals, and the physically and mentally disabled.

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Since the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki during the Second World War, there has been a widespread and prolonged fear of a potential third world war between nuclear-armed powers. Second World War, such as the Cold War and the War on Terror respectively. It has been anticipated and planned for by military and civil authorities, and it has also been explored in fiction in many countries. Scenarios have ranged from conventional warfare to limited or total nuclear warfare. It is often suggested that it would become a nuclear war, and be more devastating and violent than both the First and Second World Wars.

Other historians suggest even earlier conflicts to be world wars. Others consider that the Ottoman-Portuguese confrontations and Ottoman-Habsburg wars can be considered as world conflicts, prototypes of the “Great Game” in Eurasia and the Scramble for Africa, but between two main power-projecting and religious blocs, that being the Ottomans, as holders of the Muslim Caliph title, and the Habsburgs, as emperors of Christendom. For example, Russian ethnologist L. N. Gumilyov called the Byzantine-Sasanian War of 602-628 “the World War of the 7th century” because it evolved into a war between the fourfold alliance of the Chinese Empire, the Western Turkic Khaganate, the Khazars, and the Byzantine Empire against a triple union of the Sasanian Empire, the Avars, and the Eastern Turkic Kaganates, with proxy conflicts in Afro-Eurasia (like the Aksumite-Persian wars) and across the Old World.